Resveratrol at 30 mg/kg prevented cognitive and motor deficits in neonatal mice exposed repeatedly to sevoflurane anesthesia by restoring myelin basic protein levels and suppressing neuroinflammatory markers (iNOS, CD86, IL-1β, TNF-α) in the hippocampus and corpus callosum. The compound activated the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway while inhibiting harmful M1 microglial polarization, ultimately protecting oligodendrocyte precursor cells needed for proper brain myelination. This finding addresses a critical clinical concern, as sevoflurane is the most commonly used pediatric anesthetic worldwide, yet repeated exposures during critical developmental windows have been linked to lasting neurocognitive impairments. The research provides mechanistic insight into how anesthesia disrupts brain development through microglial-mediated inflammation that impairs the cells responsible for forming myelin sheaths around neurons. While the 30 mg/kg dosage in mice translates to potentially high human doses, resveratrol's established safety profile makes it a plausible neuroprotective intervention. However, this remains an animal model with artificial exposure patterns, and the clinical relevance for human pediatric anesthesia requires validation in larger mammals and ultimately clinical trials.